countries, such as Australia, Austria, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Cyprus, Denmark, Japan, New Zealand, Norway, Portugal and Spain … the non-union sector (e.g. France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands and Sweden) there is no significant union wage …

the range of 10 to 15 percent. We find no return to compulsory schooling in Germany in terms of higher wages. We … investigate whether this is due to labor market institutions or the existence of the apprenticeship training system in Germany … most relevant for the labor market are learned earlier in Germany than in other countries …

training received by workers in Germany between 1986 and 1989. Further training is primarily a white collar phenomenon, is …