The extent to which growth reduces global poverty has been disputed for 30 years. Although there is better data than … used to measure poverty, grows less rapidly than consumption measured in national accounts, in the world as a whole, and in … large countries, particularly India, China, and the US. In consequence, measured poverty has fallen less rapidly than …

characteristics, i.e. fundamental forces, against the alternative that there are poverty traps. Taking geographical variables as … fundamental characteristics, we find that we can reject fundamental forces in favor of a poverty trap model with high and low …