, reactivated temporary swap agreements, and then introduced the new Foreign and International Monetary Authorities (FIMA) repo …

The use of different currencies in the invoicing of international trade transactions plays a major role in the … international transmission of economic fluctuations. Existing studies argue that an exporter's invoicing choice reflects structural …

The U.S. dollar holds a dominant place in the invoicing of international trade, along two complementary dimensions …

The pattern of international trade adjustment is affected by the continuing international role of the dollar and … become cheaper in the rest of the world. Real U.S. imports are affected less because U.S. prices are more insulated from … do not encounter more expensive imports. Movements in dollar exchange rates also affect the international trade …

measure captures pressures that materialize in actual international capital flows as well as pressures that result in exchange … rate adjustments. The formulation is theory-based, relying on balance of payments equilibrium conditions and international …