We focus on two international aspects of the Great Depression--financial crises and international trade-- and try to …-slump macroeconomic cycles. During both crises, world trade collapsed faster than world incomes and the trade decline was highly … trade costs hitting international supply chains. So far, the global economy has avoided the global trade wars and banking …

labor regulation of partners because intraindustry trade was important. The New World exported less differentiated products …

frictions from leading trade theories and use it to gauge the importance of bilateral trade costs in determining international …, Europe, and Oceania for the period from 1870 to 2000 and demonstrate an overriding role for declining trade costs in the pre-World … War I trade boom. In contrast, for the post-World War II trade boom we identify changes in output as the dominant force …

that impede international trade but which are inherently difficult to observe. Trade costs fell on average by ten to …

international capital market integration …

1938 countries more exposed to international trade were less likely to become authoritarian. Finally, our post-World War II …We study whether international trade fosters democracy. The likely endogeneity between democracy and trade is addressed …

The classical gold standard only gradually became an international monetary regime after 1870. This paper provides a … costs of borrowing on international capital markets. I find no evidence that the level of exchange rate volatility or …