comprehensive long-run dataset of official international lending, covering 230,000 loans, grants and guarantees extended by … large, easily surpassing the scale of total international bailout lending after the 2008 crash. During peacetime …s, official finance has made a sharp comeback, largely due to the rise of China as an international creditor and the …

currencies for much of the world. Our discussion encompasses the history of anchor currency choice, methods for classifying …

On the twentieth anniversary of its inception, the euro has yet to expand its role as an international currency. We …

episodes include the 1929 stock market crash, the 1973 oil shock, the 2007 U.S. subprime collapse and fifteen severe post-World …

cycles, banking and sovereign debt crises, hyperinflation, and, for the post World War II period, the reliance on IMF …

analysis is on three related hypotheses tested with both "world" aggregate levels and on an individual country basis. First … boom. Second, banking crises (both domestic ones and those emanating from international financial centers) often precede or …

major post-World War II episodes. The main cause of debt explosions is usually not the widely cited costs of bailing out and …

earlier studies, global factors, such as commodity prices, international interest rates, and growth in the world's largest …A considerable literature has examined the causes, consequences, and policy responses to surges in international …