We study the effect of exposure to immigrants on the educational outcomes of US-born students, using a unique dataset …-born students, especially for students from disadvantaged backgrounds. Moreover, the presence of immigrants does not affect …

Immigrants who arrived in the U.S. before the Civil War were less likely to reside in locations with high immigrant … concentrations as their time in the U.S. increased. This is contrary to the experience of recent immigrants who show no decrease in … concentration after arrival. The reduced isolation of antebellum immigrants was not due to their own movement to places with fewer …

This study examines the occupational mobility of antebellum immigrants as they entered the U.S. White collar, skilled …, and semi-skilled immigrants left unskilled jobs more rapidly after arrival than farmers and unskilled workers. British and … German immigrants fared better than the Irish; literate immigrants in rapidly growing counties and places with many …