We document the structural transformation of innovation using historical patent data since the 1850s, along with R …&D expenditure and TFP growth for the post-war period. Over time, innovation has shifted from agricultural sectors to manufacturing … in innovation and production, incorporating the classical demand-pull and technology-push drivers of innovation. Sectors …

Innovation depends on exporting and, in particular, on scale and competition in export markets. We develop a theory … featuring (1) quality-segmented markets, (2) step-by-step innovation that moves firms forward along the quality ladder, and (3 …) escape-the-competition motives for innovation. We derive four predictions about the impact on innovation of scale and …

We study the global innovation and diffusion of ideas by introducing trade into the model in Eaton and Kortum (1999 … intensity of innovation within countries over time and diffusion rates across countries. We find significant specialization … across the globe: some countries have high innovation rates, while other countries rely on diffusion. Although innovation is …

from innovation. In this paper, we revisit that question using a nationally representative sample of firms over the period … of the economics of innovation. There are five main findings. First, while patenting firms are relatively uncommon in the … differences in the type of R&D or innovation produced by a firm. We also discuss the implications of these findings for innovation …

reforms also redistribute innovation across industries in closer alignment to its distribution in the U.S., which we take to … increasing value-added growth rates across all industries, and by larger margins in industries with more innovation potential …

This paper contributes to the literature on innovation policies and institutional theory on conditions for effective … yield broader implications for organization and innovation …