innovation in firms. However, inventions from universities and public research institutes substitute for corporate inventions and … reduce the demand for internal research by corporations, perhaps reflecting downstream competition from startups that …

types of university-industry relations: academic engagement (sponsored research, industry collaborations, and presentations … research funds than academic commercialization does, but both continue to be dwarfed by public funding. We find evidence of …

This paper studies how recent investigations of foreign influence in research have affected the productivity of U … coincide with a decline in the productivity of scientists with previous collaborations with scientists in China, especially … productivity by fields for both the U.S. and China …

The close connection between US and China in scientific research and education in the 2000s produced a large group of … China-born researchers who work in the US ("diaspora") and a larger group of China-born researchers who gained US-research … experience and returned to do their research in China ("returnee"). Analyzing 2018 Scopus data on research papers, we estimate …

War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the … Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research which yielded innovations like mass … appropriate R&D policy in a crisis requires going beyond the standard Nelson-Arrow framework for research policy …