technologies. Here we combine information from patent applications with bibliographic data to shine light on the second process …

, beginning with a brief history of international patent systems and facts about the current use of patents around the world. I … followed by a review of recent work by myself and co-authors on regional patent systems, the impact of patents on firm …

Efforts to strengthen the global patent system for pharmaceuticals continue to be controversial, and what will likely …

do so by evaluating the determinants of international' patenting rates across the OECD, where an international patent is … one granted by the U.S. patent office to a foreign establishment. Taking advantage of variation in the flow of ideas …

patent data, we provide evidence for several findings. First, the production function for international patents is …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to … proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output. The paper also illustrates how …

inventions earn at home and abroad. Patents affect the return to invention. We relate the decision to patent an invention … internationally to the cost of patenting in a country and to the expected value of patent protection in that country. We can thus …