instrument and target variables. The time spans examined are 1962-1998 for the U.S. and U.K., and 1972-1998 for Japan. In …

empirical characterization of price and wage changes over the last century in the U.S., U.K., and Japan, in order to demonstrate … phenomenon rather than the universal fact implied by Okun. The results for the U.K. and Japan com- pound the conflict with Okun … particularly flexible in the U.S. during World War I and its aftermath, in Japan since 1914, and in the U.K. since the mid-1950s …

.K. and Japan are between three and 15 times more flexible than in the U.S. during the postwar period. Corresponding to … similar to that in Britain and Japan. The contrast between the prewar data and the postwar data, where the U.S. is a definite …

growth varies considerably over time and across the four countries, and it is always less important, except in Japan, than … Japan (30%), while TFP levels are very close in France, the United Kingdom and the United States, but much lower (40%) in … Japan …

, and other major advanced economies have similar levels of credibility (albeit far from full credibility); however, Japan …

, Italy, Japan, and the United States. In all six countries we find a strong negative relationship between a city's share of …