expulsions of senior Jewish managers, due to rising discrimination in Nazi Germany, affected large corporations. Firms that lost …Large-scale increases in discrimination can lead to dismissals of highly qualified managers. We investigate how … Jewish managers experienced persistent reductions in stock prices, dividends, and returns on assets. Aggregate market value …

formal quantitative analysis. We begin with studies of the Dutch Republic, England, the U.S., France, Germany and Japan that …

performance in the largest companies in Germany in the 1980s. The management board turns over slowly -- at a rate of 10% per year … -- implying that top executives in Germany have longer tenures than their counterparts in the U.S. and Japan. Turnover of the …

promoted management training trips for European managers at US firms. Through the analysis of reports compiled by UK, France …, Germany, and Italian participating firms, I first document that these companies claimed between 5 and 10% yearly productivity …

learning algorithm. The algorithm uncovers two distinct behavioral types: "leaders" and "managers". Leaders focus on multi …-function, high-level meetings, while managers focus on one-to-one meetings with core functions. Firms with leader CEOs are on average …

The standard economic model of police stops implies that the contraband hit rate should rise when the number of stops … or searches per officer falls, ceteris paribus. We provide empirical corroboration of such optimizing models of police … explanations, including changes in street population, crime, police allocation, and policing intensity. We find mixed evidence …

on the U.S. policing industry using a novel dataset on publicly traded firms contracting with the police. It is unclear … whether the BLM uprisings were likely to increase or decrease market valuations of firms contracting heavily with police … because of the increased interest in reforming the police, fears over rising crime, and pushes to "defund the police". We find …

Given police abolitionism's new visibility after the 2020 racial justice protests, we assess stakeholder beliefs on the … protests' stock impacts on police-affiliated firms. Experts generally underestimate the firms' stock gains, except situated … experts like community organizers and police experts, who link the market responses to reforms, not budget cuts. An experiment …