Continental trade blocs are emerging in many parts of the world almost in tandem. If trade blocs are required to … reduction of trade barriers against non-member countries. That may not be politically feasible. On the other hand, in a world of …

favorable nor unfavorable implication for world trade; instead the balance of trade-creating and trade-diverting effects …

The first wave of globalization (1830-1914) witnessed a decline in the number of countries from 125 to 54. Political … consolidation was often achieved through war and conquest. The second wave of globalization (1950-present) has led instead to an … globalization and political structure that accounts for these trends and their reversal. We show that political structure adapts to …

After decades of rising global economic integration, the world economy is now fragmenting. To measure this phenomenon …

formal quantitative analysis. We begin with studies of the Dutch Republic, England, the U.S., France, Germany and Japan that … that the growth and increasing globalization of these economies might indeed have been 'finance-led.' …

,' which are about 60 percent of world output. Given all the attention that 'globalization' has received from scholars … over the last two decades, but it was still, in 1990, only about 7 percent of world output. The share was higher, at 15 …