benchmark, we estimate that removal of these barriers would increase the productive labor supply in Japan by some 13 to 18 …

. Results are presented for the U. S., Japan, and an aggregate called "Europe" consisting of eleven European economies. The … uptrend in previously developed wage gap indexes for Japan and Europe between the 1960s and 1980s. If anything real wages in … Europe and Japan were too flexible rather than too rigid, in the sense that much of the increase in wage gap indexes in …

Japan; adjustment of employment is significantly greater in the United States, while that of average hours is about the same … in the two countries. Although workers in Japan enjoy greater employment stability than do U.S. workers, we find … is borne by production workers. In Japan, female workers, in particular, bear a disproportionate share of adjustment …

lackluster, like Japan, have done surprisingly well in terms of GDP growth per working-age adult. Indeed, from 1998 to 2019 …, Japan has grown slightly faster than the U.S. in terms of per working-age adult: an accumulated 31.9% vs. 29.5%. Furthermore …