not sufficient, the military can take action against a nondemocratic regime in order to create its own dictatorship. A … more important consequence of the presence of a strong military is that once transition to democracy takes place, the …

civic participation, including voting and organizing. In the battle between democracy and dictatorship, democracy has a wide …Across countries, education and democracy are highly correlated. We motivate empirically and then model a causal … potential base of support but offers weak incentives to its defenders. Dictatorship provides stronger incentives to a narrower …

This paper analyzes how changes in the concentration of political power affect long-run development. We study Brazil …'s military dictatorship whose rise to power dramatically altered the distribution of power of local political elites. We document … that municipalities that were more politically concentrated prior to the dictatorship in the 1960s are relatively richer in …

international trade into product entry and exit, price changes, and quantity changes for imports by Brazil, the European Union …

international trade into product entry and exit, price changes, and quantity changes for imports by Brazil, the European Union …

We develop an informational theory of dictatorship. Dictators survive not because of their use of force or ideology but …

In elections that take place in a less-than-perfect democracy, incumbency advantages are different from those in mature …