During the 1990s, Russia underwent an extraordinary transformation from a communist dictatorship to a multi … partner. Yet a consensus in the US circa 2000 viewed Russia as a disastrous and threatening failure, and the 1990s as a decade … this perception and the facts. In contrast to the common image, by the late 1990s Russia had become a typical middle …

The main focus of this paper is on the process and progress of economic reform in Russia. But I start with four … historical questions that bear on the current situation. How advanced was Russia in 1913? What relevance, if any, does the New … 1970s and 1980s? What role did Gorbachev's policies play in bringing about the final collapse of the Soviet Union? Russia …