.S. biotechnology enterprises during 1976-1989. Using a linked cross-section/time- series panel data set, we find that the timing and … structures. We believe biotechnology may be prototypical of the birth patterns in other innovative industries …

Using detailed data on biotechnology in Japan, we find that identifiable collaborations" between particular university … star scientists and firms have a large positive impact on firms'" research productivity, increasing the average firm …" in the firm's labs. As a result, star collaborations in Japan are less localized around their research" universities so …

which are threatened by persistent low performance. While all incumbent firms lagged the dedicated new biotechnology firms …

biotechnology enterprises: the number of products in development, the number of products on the market, and changes in employment …. The `star' concept which Zucker, Darby, and Brewer (1994) demonstrated was important for birth of U.S. biotechnology … localized effects of university research which is consistent with market exchange: Geographically localized effects occur for …

relating to patenting, robust conclusions regarding the empirical consequences for technological innovation of changes in … patent policy are few. Possible reasons for these limited results are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are …

the U.S. Air Force Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program that transitioned from "Conventional topics," which …When investing in research and development (R&D), institutions must decide whether to take a top-down approach … innovation even in less specific Conventional topics. The results suggest that government (and perhaps private sector) innovation …

Innovation policy can be a crucial component of governments' responses to crises. Because speed is a paramount … objective, crisis innovation may also require different policy tools than innovation policy in non-crisis times, raising … distinct questions and tradeoffs. In this paper, we survey the U.S. policy response to two crises where innovation was crucial …

War II. In 1940, a group of top U.S. science administrators organized a major coordinated research effort to support the … Allied war effort, including significant investments in medical research which yielded innovations like mass …-produced penicillin, antimalarials, and a flu vaccine. We draw on this episode to discuss the economics of crisis innovation. Since the …

Introduction /Petra Moser --The roots of agricultural innovation : patent evidence of knowledge spillovers /Matthew … Meyers, Paul W. Rhode --Comment /Michael J. Roberts --Local effects of land grant colleges on agricultural innovation and …, more resilient crops to feed a more crowded planet in the twenty-first century. Innovation has historically helped …

STEM PhDs /Ina Ganguli and Patrick Gaulé --II. Immigration policy and innovation.High-skill immigration, innovation, and … and Chungeun Yoon --III. Immigration and entrepreneurship.Immigrant entrepreneurs and innovation in the U.S. high … the links between immigration policy in determining who can come into the country and the rate of innovation among …