56K modems were introduced under two competing incompatible standards. We show the importance of competition between … or the other. We speculate about the role of ISP differentiation in preventing the market form achieving standardization …

If further decarbonization of electricity systems is to continue, a next generation of innovation in transformative …

Electricity is a general purpose technology and the catalyst for the second industrial revolution. Developing countries … with the length of higher-voltage electricity lines. Instrumenting for electrification using hydroelectric potential, we …

We use city-industry data from 1890 to 1940 to identify the impact of electricity on manufacturing. We exploit cross …-industry variation in pre-electricity energy intensity combined with geographic variation in proximity to early hydroelectric power … plants. Labor productivity gains from the arrival of electricity were rapid and long-lasting. Electricity was labor …

In this paper, we quantify the difference between public and private prices of residential electricity immediately … sample of large, urban markets. Based on new data covering over 15,000 markets and nearly all electricity generated for … electricity prices during this period. That is, private rents were mitigated by the threat that municipalities would use public …