. This technological shift interacts with local geology to create an exogenous shock to county income and employment. We …

In 1997 GDP per capita in East Germany was 57% of that of West Germany, wage rates were 75% of western levels, and the … bring convergence, labor flows would respond, enhancing overall efficiency. Yet net emigration from East Germany has fallen … from high levels in 1989-1990 to close to zero. Using state-level data for all of Germany, available from 1991-1996, I am …

Italy and Germany have similar geographical differences in productivity - North more productive than South in Italy …; West more productive than East in Germany - but have adopted different models of wage bargaining. Italy sets wages based on … nationwide contracts that allow for limited local wage adjustments, while Germany has moved toward a more flexible system that …

flexible structure of spatial linkages, we characterize the model-consistent shock exposure of a local market as the exogenous … directly to the market's own shock exposure, and indirectly to other markets shocks exposures. We show how spatial linkages …-in-difference designs based on model-consistent measures of local shock exposure approximate well the differential effect of international …