Gaidar's reforms, 1992, when Russian transition to a market economy began. After 1992, promotions are blocked, because both … weak outsider property rights enforcement in Russia. Keywords: institutional environment and internal labor market …, transition to a market economy …

production on the macro economy, and in particular, the real business cycle. This literature employs calibration techniques to … econometric identification problems. Furthermore, using data from the late 90s from transition Russia, it is argued that one … from a controlled economy to a market economy resulted in significant increase in home productivity and an increase in the …

The main focus of this paper is on the process and progress of economic reform in Russia. But I start with four … historical questions that bear on the current situation. How advanced was Russia in 1913? What relevance, if any, does the New … 1970s and 1980s? What role did Gorbachev's policies play in bringing about the final collapse of the Soviet Union? Russia …

under favorable and unfavorable fossil-fuel price regimes. The model includes Russia, the U.S., China, India, the EU, and …This paper develops a large-scale, dynamic life-cycle model to simulate Russia's demographic and fiscal transition … Japan+ (Japan plus Korea). The model predicts dramatic increases in tax rates in the U.S., EU, India, and Russia. Indeed …

) by the Nazis during World War II and long-run economic and political outcomes within Russia. Cities that experienced the … it induced in the social structure, in particular the size of the middle class, across different regions of Russia …

Most analysts of the modern Latin American economy hold to a pessimistic belief in historical persistence -- they …