degrees of dependence on external financing or access to capital. However, because regulations affecting bank entry varied … sector. Regulations on bank entry and other banking market characteristics thus appear to exert an independent influence on …

Bank balance sheet lending is commonly viewed as the predominant form of lending. We document and study two margins of … document the limits of the shadow bank substitution margin: shadow banks substitute for traditional--deposit-taking--banks in … quantitative consequences of several policies on lending volume and pricing, bank stability, and the distribution of consumer …

It is often argued that branching stabilizes banking systems by facilitating diversification of bank portfolios … findings. Using data on national banks from the 1920s and 1930s, we show that branch banking increases competition and forces … strengthening the branch banks themselves. Our empirical results suggest that the effects that branching had on competition were …

. Theory offers competing hypotheses about how competition ought to influence firm entry and access to bank credit by mature …This paper tests how competition in local U.S. banking markets affects the market structure of non-financial sectors …

This paper uses disaggregated data on bank balance sheets to provide a test of the lending view of monetary policy …

style of central banking affects central banks' solvency. A central bank is insolvent if its requirement to pay dividends to … Bank), and exchange-rate risk (central banks of small open economies). We find that a central bank that pays dividends … circumstances, the dividend will be negative, meaning that the government is making a payment to the bank. If the charter does not …