The close connection between US and China in scientific research and education in the 2000s produced a large group of … China-born researchers who work in the US ("diaspora") and a larger group of China-born researchers who gained US-research … experience and returned to do their research in China ("returnee"). Analyzing 2018 Scopus data on research papers, we estimate …

We study the global innovation and diffusion of ideas by introducing trade into the model in Eaton and Kortum (1999 … intensity of innovation within countries over time and diffusion rates across countries. We find significant specialization … across the globe: some countries have high innovation rates, while other countries rely on diffusion. Although innovation is …

Empirical studies have found that enhanced foreign competition can encourage or discourage innovation. To address this …-product firms live forever, and the large firms invest in innovation in order to enlarge their product spans. All firms export. I … show that an increase in the competitiveness of foreign firms can increase or reduce innovation efforts of a large multi …

Innovation depends on exporting and, in particular, on scale and competition in export markets. We develop a theory … featuring (1) quality-segmented markets, (2) step-by-step innovation that moves firms forward along the quality ladder, and (3 …) escape-the-competition motives for innovation. We derive four predictions about the impact on innovation of scale and …

two strategies toward that end: imitation and innovation. The theory bears predictions about the evolution of the …