the implications of the war costs themselves. Besides the unanticipated length and breadth of the military conflicts … motivations associated with war cost forecasts by comparing them with other types of aggregate forecasts, which are prone to … similar types of errors. The history of war cost forecasts suggests that increasing their frequency and transparency may …

This paper attempts to provide a more complete reckoning of the costs of the Iraq War, using standard economic and … underestimate the War's true costs. We estimate a range of present and future costs, by including expenditures not in the $500bn CBO … the war on the overall performance of the economy. Even taking a conservative approach and assuming all US troops return …

belligerents: Britain, France, Italy, Germany, and Austria-Hungary. At the outbreak of the war, these nations suspended … convertibility of their currencies into gold with the promise that after the war each would restore convertibility at the old par …. However, once convertibility was suspended, the value of each currency depended on the outcome of the war. I decompose …

fight and endure war, the government elites began to provide public goods, reduced rent extraction and adopted policies to …

, are the most overt costs of war. They are also relatively short-lived. The costs of war borne by combatants and their … total present value of historical war costs have been absorbed by benefits distributed over the remaining life spans of …. Estimates of the value of injuries and deaths, while uncertain, suggest that the private burden of war borne by survivors …

This study examines the long-term effects of prenatal exposure to war violence on cognitive and developmental outcomes … consistent effects. These results highlight the intergenerational consequences of war conflict, emphasizing the need for …

We analyze financial market data in order to produce an ex-ante assessment of the economic consequences of war with …'s price provides a plausible estimate of the probability of war. The spot oil price has moved closely with the Saddam Security …, suggesting that war raises oil prices by around $10 per barrel. Futures prices imply that markets expect these large immediate …

powers, the government was able to fund the war by borrowing and levying taxes. In major wars, however, there came a point …

war-exposed children subsequently have lower height-for-age Z-scores, and impacts using GPS information are 87-188% larger … in magnitude, and children in the war instigating and losing country (Eritrea) suffer more than the winning nation …