measured as the value of private loans issued at the Bank of England. For the wider panel of countries and more recent data, we …

The European Central Bank is unique in setting monetary policy for several sovereign states with heterogeneous debt … on one particular aspect of that nexus, the effect the reliability of the European Central Bank's monetary policy on … Euro Area countries. For comparison we also estimate the fiscal consequences of the Federal Reserve and the Bank of England …

The regulation of bank capital as a means of smoothing the credit cycle is a central element of forthcoming macro …--on both questions, using a unique dataset. In the UK, regulators have imposed time-varying, bank-specific minimum capital …