This paper surveys the major changes in patent policy and practice that have occurred in the last two decades in the U … effects of changes in patent policy. Despite the significance of the policy changes and the wide availability of detailed data … patent policy are few. Possible reasons for these limited results are discussed, and possible avenues for future research are …

strengthening of US patent rights in the early 1980s. Yet the propensity of semiconductor firms to patent has risen dramatically … markets, while spawning patent portfolio races' among capital-intensive firms …

This paper examines intellectual property litigation as a method of protection from patent-infringing imports. Claims … against patent-infringing imports entering the United States may be filed before the International Trade Commission (ITC) or …

Using application-level data from the Patent Office from 2001 to 2012, merged with personnel data on patent examiners …, we explore the extent to which the key decision of examiners--whether to allow a patent--is shaped by the granting styles … grant rate of her peer group, an examiner in her first two years at the Patent Office will experience a 0.15 standard …

between highly similar patents, and patent applications are less likely to be abandoned post-AIPA, suggesting a reduction in … duplicative R&D. Firms exposed to one standard deviation longer patent grant delays increased their R&D investment by 4% after …

function of patent characteristics, university policy, and inventor fields in order to examine the extent to which outside …

The recent surge in U.S. patenting and expansion of patentable subject matter has increased patent office backlogs and …. At the same time patent litigation and its costs are rising. This paper explores the potential of a post-grant review … process modeled on the European opposition system to improve patent quality, reveal overlooked prior art, and reduce …

The impacts of two recent changes in US patent policy depend on the length of time it takes for an invention to go … debates. We use data on U.S. patent applications and grants to determine the factors influencing the length of the patent … examination process. We augment this analysis with interviews of patent examiners, leading to a better understanding of the …

A patent only protects an innovator from others producing the same product, but it does not protect him from others … within-patent competition, which results from production of the same product, and betweenpatent competition, which results … effects of intellectual property regulations on within -patent competition by showing how protecting innovative returns from …

We report the results of the first comparative study of the determinants and effects of patent oppositions in Europe … thirty times higher than the rate of re-examination at the USPTO. Moreover, opposition leads to a revocation of the patent in … about 41 percent of the cases, and to a restriction of the patent right in another 30 percent of the cases. Re …