We document the representation of female economists on the conference programs at the NBER Summer Institute from 2001 …-track professors, but is ten percentage points lower than the share of women among assistant professors. Finally, within conference …

Stock prices react significantly to the tone (negativity of words) managers use on earnings conference calls. This …

that firms that "cast" their conference calls by disproportionately calling on bullish analysts tend to underperform in the …

retirement system in Finland, featuring a relabeling of retirement ages with modest and continuous changes in financial …

During the period 1991-93, Finland experienced the deepest economic downturn in an industrialized country since the … of Soviet-Finnish trade can explain key features of Finland's Great Depression. We also show that Finland's Great … similar trade collapse. However, as a western democracy with developed capital markets and institutions, Finland faced none of …

occurred in Finland in the early 1990s. We find that the sharp drop in real GDP over the period 1990-93 was driven by a … increases in government consumption during 1989-94, which drove down hours worked in Finland. We attempt to endogenize the drop …