quality, follow-on innovation. Winning a first patent boosts a startup's subsequent growth and innovation by facilitating ….S. Patent Office since 2001, we find that startups that win the patent "lottery" by drawing lenient examiners have, on average …, 55% higher employment growth and 80% higher sales growth five years later. Patent winners also pursue more, and higher …

, beginning with a brief history of international patent systems and facts about the current use of patents around the world. I …I survey some recent research on the role of patents in encouraging innovation and growth in developing economies … discuss research on the implications of patents for international technology transfer and domestic innovation. This is …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from … innovation. The features of these systems take shape as interests at different points in the production chain seek advantage in …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to … improve on counts in studies which require a measure of the extent of innovation. A simple renewal based weighting scheme is …

on patents as an incentive for innovation, the effectiveness of patents for invention disclosure, patent valuation, and … what we know about the design of patent systems. We also look at what is known about some current policy areas, including … software and business method patents, university patenting, and the growth in patent litigation …

to the "Eco-Patent Commons", which provides royalty-free access to third parties to patented climate change related … investigate the motives of the contributing firms as well as the potential for such commons to encourage innovation and diffusion … knowledge management that combine open innovation and patenting …

This paper presents quantitative estimates of the private value of property rights conferred by patent protection for … different technology fields and countries of ownership. The measures are derived from parametric estimation of a model of patent … renewal, using a new data set on patent renewals in France during the period 1969-1987. The results show that patent …

pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts …Research on the effects of patent protection on innovation and technology transfer in the cross-country pharmaceutical … either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for …

The paper seeks to understand the impact of the patent system on innovation by examining shifts in the strength of … patent protection across sixty countries and a 150-year period. An examination of 177 policy changes reveals that … strengthening patent protection appears to have few positive effects on patent applications by entities in the country undertaking …

Evidence on the "funding gap" for investment innovation is surveyed. The focus is on financial market reasons for …