pharmaceutical patent protection alone does not stimulate domestic innovation, as estimated by the US patent awards (both raw counts … either. Imports, however, did flourish. Second, national patent law implementation demonstrates conditional importance for … positive relationships with the domestic R&D expenditure and domestic pharmaceutical patent awards in the US. The interaction …

past innovations. With full patent protection, followers can catch up to the leader in their industry either by making the … simple form of licensing. Second, we show that full patent protection is not optimal from the viewpoint of maximizing the …

Such institutions as patent systems cannot be well understood without an assessment of technological creativity in … success of the invention. Prize-oriented institutions thus appear to be less systematic and not as market-oriented as patent …

century. In addition to the funding agency, the data report whether the government has title to the patent ("title" patents …) or funded a patent assigned to a private organization ("license" patents). The data include a large number of "license …" patents that cannot be linked to government funding from patent text or other sources. Combining the historical data with …

We study the incentives that governments have to protect intellectual property in a trading world economy. We consider … a world economy with ongoing innovation in two countries that differ in market size, in their capacities for innovation … policies in a non-cooperative regime of patent protection, we ask, Why are patents longer in the North? We also study …

, beginning with a brief history of international patent systems and facts about the current use of patents around the world. I … followed by a review of recent work by myself and co-authors on regional patent systems, the impact of patents on firm …

. The purpose is to document the ways in which patent systems are products of battles over the economic surplus from …-style patent systems with all their imperfections have come to dominate other methods of encouraging inventive activity. The essays …

Patent counts are very imperfect measures of innovative output. This paper discusses how additional data-the number of … years a patent is renewed and the number of countries in which protection for the same invention is sought - can be used to … proposed which may remove half of the noise in patent counts as a measure of innovative output. The paper also illustrates how …

This paper presents quantitative estimates of the private value of property rights conferred by patent protection for … different technology fields and countries of ownership. The measures are derived from parametric estimation of a model of patent … renewal, using a new data set on patent renewals in France during the period 1969-1987. The results show that patent …