recession caused by other forces. Based on a VAR and new data on the sources of bank failures in the 1930s from Richardson (2007 …), we find that illiquidity shocks played a key role in explaining the bank failures during the Friedman and Schwartz …

their investors. We show the bank has to have a fragile capital structure, subject to bank runs, in order to perform these … functions. Far from being an aberration to be regulated away, the funding of illiquid loans by a bank with volatile demand … such as narrow banking and bank capital requirements …

We test three hypotheses regarding changes in supervisory toughness' and their effects on bank lending. The data …, affected bank lending. However, all of the measured effects are small, with 1% or less of loans receiving harsher or easier … classification, about 3% of banks receiving better or worse CAMEL ratings, and bank lending being changed by 1% or less of assets …

We investigate the relationships of bank failures and balance sheet conditions with measures of proximity to different … forms of transportation in the United States over the period from 1830-1860. A series of hazard models and bank …. Specifically, railroads facilitated better information flows about banks that led to modifications in bank asset composition …

foreign currency it can have access to on short notice can be associated with self fulfilling bank and/or currency crises. We … way in which real exchange rate depreciation can transmit and magnify the effects of bank illiquidity, options for …

domestic and foreign bank creditors. Second, banks do not hedge their exchange rate risk. Third, there is a lending boom before …