We estimate the respective contributions of institutions, geography, and trade in determining income levels around the … world, using recently developed instruments for institutions and trade. Our results indicate that the quality of … institutions are controlled for, trade is almost always insignificant, and often enters the income equation with the wrong' (i …

development. The law and finance theory holds that legal traditions differ in terms of the priority they attach to protecting the … rights of private investors vis-a-vis the State and this has important implications for financial development. The endowment … and/or the initial disease/geographical endowments encountered by colonizers explain financial development today. The …

We present new archival evidence on the price of vacant land in New York City between 1835 and 1900. Before the Civil … business district. After the Civil War, the distance gradient flattened and the fit of a simple regression of land price on … percent per year between 1835 and 1895 before declining as the century came to an end …

development during the Industrial Revolution. Our analysis exploits geographical variation in city and coalfield locations …We examine the importance of geographical proximity to coal as a factor underpinning comparative European economic …

, utilities in more environmentalist areas are more likely to adopt the program, and their customers are more responsive to the …

during the summer of 2006 and collected detailed information on the specific schools at which teachers interviewed. We … and others schools having over 300 applicants, even after controlling for the number and type of positions advertised at … school in the expected direction. Interestingly, the geographic location of the school is an extremely strong predictor of …

investment and the case for public support of innovative activity. Part II examines human capital policy and mechanisms to expand … socioeconomic prosperity and improving human health. Today, U.S. government policy seeks to promote innovation through a suite of … the pool of innovative labor, including through schooling and immigration policy. Part III examines scientific grant …