This paper studies the evolution of China's production and trade patterns during its integration into the global … economy. We document and explain new facts concerning changes in production and exports at the industry and firm levels using … that capital deepening made China's production and exports more capital-intensive, although labor-biased productivity …

production capacity to hedge against supply and demand shocks. But the social benefits of such investments are not internalized … incentivize capacity investment, reduce reliance on spot markets, and enhance competition ameliorate the externality …

This paper presents new annual estimates of U.S. production of pig iron and imports of pig iron products dating back to … 1827. These estimates are used to assess the vulnerability of the antebellum iron industry to foreign competition and the … role of the tariff in fostering the industry's early development. Domestic pig iron production is found to be highly …

have risen by about 9% by 2017. Instead, it fell by 5%. Falling local employment concentration may intensify competition … for recent market entrants. Simultaneously, rising within industry-by-geography concentration may weaken competition for …