higher marriage rates for women and lower for men. Land abundance favored higher fertility. The demands of childcare … opportunities outside the home. Frontier women were less likely to report "gainful employment," but among those who did, relatively … more had high-status occupations. Together, these findings integrate contrasting narratives about frontier women …

The causal effects of fertility are a central focus in the social sciences, but the analysis is challenged by the … endogeneity of fertility choices. Earlier work has proposed several "natural experiments" from twin births or gender composition … rare (twins) and weak (gender composition) instrumental variables for fertility. This paper proposes a new "natural …

parental decisions (labor market, investments in children, and fertility). We merge rich sources of historical information on … education and wages for the children born under these policies. The mobility effect, chiefly an increase in intergenerational … mobility in education, stems from heterogeneity in the effects of the policies: children of mothers with fewer years of …

We incorporate pollution exposure into Becker's "Quantity-Quality" (Q-Q) model of fertility and quantify how air … pollution distorts individuals' fertility behaviors in China. We document a robust pattern in which increased pollution over … time negatively affects the fertility of ethnic Han people, who comprise approximately 92% of the Chinese population. These …

We investigate women's fertility, labor and marriage market responses to a health innovation that led to reductions in … allow women to start fertility later and invest more in the labor market. We present a new theory of fertility that … intensive and extensive margin fertility, a decline in the chances of ever having married, increased labor force participation …

Early fertility is a key barrier to female human capital attainment in sub-Saharan Africa, yet contraceptive take …

We provide the first systematic account of summer declines in women's labor market activity. From May to July, the … employment-to-population ratio among prime-age US women declines by 1.1 percentage points, whereas male employment rises; women … allocation and gender differences within job types in the propensity to exit employment over the summer. Women's summer work …

value of online activity, both men and women in our sample dramatically increased their internet browsing during the …, and in browsing on mobile devices. Our browser data showed significant relative reductions in women's online job search …, corroborated in aggregate data obtained from a major Indian online job platform, indicating potentially persistent harms to women …