differ in a primary respect: compliance with regulation is ordinarily assessed independently of the occurrence of harm …, whereas compliance with the negligence rule is evaluated only if harm occurs. It is shown in a stylized model that because the … use of the negligence rule is triggered by harm, the rule enjoys an intrinsic enforcement cost advantage over regulation …

We develop a model where products liability trials provide information to consumers who are not parties to the … consumers cannot differentiate between firms that have never been sued and firms that have been sued but settled out of court …

The primary causal requirement that must be met for a negligent party to be held liable for a harm is a demonstration … that the harm would not have occurred if the party had not been negligent. Thus, for a speeding driver to be found liable … for harm done in a car accident, it must be shown that the accident would not have happened if the driver had obeyed the …