dramatic increase in technology transfer through licensing as universities attempt to appropriate the returns from faculty … licensing is due to the productivity observable inputs or driven by a change in the propensity of faculty and administrators to … engage in commercializing university research. We model licensing as a three stage process, each involving multiple inputs …

). These offices negotiate licensing agreements with firms to commercialize university-based technologies. A stochastic … provided a useful reality check on the specification of the econometric model. The empirical findings imply that licensing … the parties to licensing agreements. Unfortunately, there are no existing data on such practices, so we rely on inductive …

includes selecting how much innovation to produce and whether to license this innovation to one (targeted licensing) or both … (market-wide licensing) downstream competitors. Our model points to a U-shaped relationship between downstream competition and … upstream innovation: at low levels of competition, market-wide licensing is optimal and competition reduces innovation, while …

Occupational licensing is among the fastest-growing labor market institutions in the U.S. economy. One of the key … features of occupational licensing is that the law determines who gets to do the work. In those cases where universally … using other regulated and partially regulated occupations show that our licensing measures are generally robust to …

Compulsory licensing allows firms in developing countries to produce foreign-owned inventions without the consent of … foreign patent owners. This paper uses an exogenous event of compulsory licensing after World War I under the Trading with the … Enemy Act to examine the long run effects of compulsory licensing on domestic invention. Difference-in-differences analyses …

This paper investigates the relationship between the characteristics of medical licensing boards and the frequency with … which boards discipline physicians. Specifically, we take advantage of variation in the structure of medical licensing … resource constraints on rates of physician discipline. We find that larger licensing boards, boards with more staff, and boards …