incentives to reduce risk of various ways of treating such uncertainty under the liability system are identified using a … (if their probability of causation systematically fell below the threshold) and thus do too little to reduce risk; or they …

(self-protection) or size (self-insurance) of a loss. However, in the case of liability risk, especially physician responses … to malpractice risk, most empirical analyses have focused exclusively on measuring self-protection. This paper studies … larger in areas with higher liability risk, where physicians would have greater incentive to insure against financial risks …

risk (defined as the difference between the yield of a sovereign's bonds and the risk free rate). In this paper, we … commodities that were in high demand (e.g., rubber and coffee) between 1891 and 1930 ended up having higher revenues per capita … state governments the sole right to tax exports. We create a panel of state debt risk premia and a series of state level …

We examine the effects of Fair Trade (FT) certification of coffee on producers and households in Costa Rica. Examining … the production dynamics of the universe of Costa Rican coffee mills from 1999-2014, we find that FT certification is … associated with a higher sales price, greater sales, and more revenues. As expected, these effects are greater when global coffee …

support for international collusive agreements concerning certain commodities (e.g., coffee). This behavior raises questions … light on why the United States supported (or failed to support) international commodity agreements for coffee, sugar, and …

of ownership changes on coffee mills in Rwanda - an industry in which managing relationships with farmers and seasonal …