of ownership changes on coffee mills in Rwanda - an industry in which managing relationships with farmers and seasonal …

We examine the effects of Fair Trade (FT) certification of coffee on producers and households in Costa Rica. Examining … the production dynamics of the universe of Costa Rican coffee mills from 1999-2014, we find that FT certification is … associated with a higher sales price, greater sales, and more revenues. As expected, these effects are greater when global coffee …

Standardization of complex products is touted as improving consumer decisions and intensifying price competition, but … evidence on standardization is limited. We examine a natural experiment: the standardization of health insurance plans on the … Massachusetts Health Insurance Exchange. Pre-standardization, firms had wide latitude to design plans. A regulatory change then …

incentives to invest in R&D by internalizing potential externalities. They may also enhance efficiency of standardization by …

production requires skilled workers. Innovation is followed by a costly process of standardization, whereby these new goods are … adapted to be produced using unskilled labor. Our framework highlights a number of novel results. First, standardization is … standardization rate (and of competition). Second, we characterize the growth and welfare maximizing speed of standardization. We show …

The world has pledged to protect 30 percent of its land and waters by 2030 to halt the rapid deterioration of critical … summarize empirical evidence across multiple regions of the world. In most cases, protection has had at most a modest impact on …