milk supply was regularly skimmed and diluted with water, but consumers could not easily determine its quality because dyes …, caramel, and salt were added. To protect consumers, milk inspectors were tasked with enforcing a well-defined MQS. Using city …-level data for the period 1880-1910, we find that milk inspections reduced mortality from waterborne and foodborne diseases by 8 …

In the mid-19th century, the urban milk supply in the United States was regularly skimmed or diluted with water …, reducing its nutritional value. At the urging of public health experts, cities across the country hired milk inspectors, who … were tasked with collecting and analyzing milk samples with the goal of preventing adulteration and skimming. Using city …

Kenya, we show that households exhibit non-transitive preferences consistent with behavioral features such as loss aversion …

using a natural experiment in India as well as data from China, Indonesia, the Philippines, South Africa, and Kenya …

line with economic theory favoring direct cash transfers, in a randomized experiment in Kenya 95% of urban recipients … prefer mobile money over electricity transfers of a similar monetary value. But Kenya is an outlier with high mobile money …

a recent anti-poverty program in rural Kenya. Leveraging a large literature documenting a reliable relationship between …

as collateral. Using a field experiment in Kenya, we show that borrowers instead strongly prefer loans collateralized …

Kenya reduces all-cause under-5 mortality by 1.4 percentage points (95% CI: 0.3 pp, 2.5 pp), a 63% reduction relative to …