We study the effects of private school competition on public school students' test scores in the wake of Florida … to a more competitive private school landscape saw greater improvements in their test scores after the introduction of … private school options open to students. We find that greater degrees of competition are associated with greater improvements …

eliminate the achievement gap or whether the issues that poor children bring to school are too much for educators alone to … effective at increasing the achievement of the poorest minority children. Taken at face value, the effects in middle school are … effects in elementary school close the racial achievement gap in both subjects. We conclude by presenting four pieces of …

school reverberate throughout life, not just through higher earnings. Schooling also affects the degree one enjoys work and …-pecuniary returns to schooling are at least as large as pecuniary ones. Ironically, one explanation why some early school leavers miss …

In the 1960s and 1970s, many states introduced grants for school districts offering kindergarten programs. This paper … early education. I find that white children aged five after the typical state reform were less likely to be high school …