competition and positively affected by knowledge spillovers. We find that the positive spillovers dominate if foreign firms enter …

statutes that are more effective at preventing outsiders' entry and at mitigating price competition lead to less patenting. We … strongly restrict entry and price competition. We show that guilds that originated from medieval religious confraternities were … more likely to regulate entry and competition, and that the effect on patenting is robust to instrumenting guild statutes …

Mexican manufacturing industry we find that indicators for local competition are positively related to the technology imports …