reciprocal causal effects of addiction and education. Variations in endowments and cigarette prices are sources of identification …. We show that education causally reduces smoking. A counterfactual experiment finds that in absence of cigarettes, college …

education, demographics, and area characteristics. Area human capital is also associated with lower disease prevalence and … improvements in self-reported health. The association between area education and health increased greatly between 1990 and 2010 … smokes noticeably less and that is less obese, leading to increasing divergence in health outcomes by area education …

endowments and investments (education and smoking in pregnancy) on the probability of having a baby who is small for gestational … maternal education and smoking in pregnancy, and investigate whether women endowed with different traits have different returns …. We find that maternal cognition affects birth outcomes primarily through maternal education, that personality traits …