expose different areas of the polity to controlled informational treatments about the valence and ideology of the incumbent … ideology. We find that both valence and ideological messages affect the first and second moments of the belief distribution …, but only campaigning on valence brings more votes to the incumbent. With respect to ideology, cross-learning occurs, as …

corruption, which is more widespread in poor countries, reduces more the electoral appeal of capitalism than that of socialism …. The empirical pattern of beliefs within countries is consistent with this explanation: people who perceive corruption to … government in economic matters). Finally, we present a model explaining the corruption-left connection. It exploits the fact that …

Indonesia has a tradition of corruption among local officials who harass and collect bribes from firms. Corruption … corruption and whether specific local politics, over and above the effects of local culture, affect corruption. We have a firm … responsibilities to local democratically elected governments. We have a second data set for 2004 on corruption at the end of the first …

Does information about rampant political corruption increase electoral participation and the support for challenger … parties? Democratic theory assumes that offering more information to voters will enhance electoral accountability. However, if … copious corruption not only decreases incumbent support in local elections in Mexico, but also decreases voter turnout …