randomized controlled trial. Consistent with standard practice for training investments within firms, we asked middle managers … or favoritism. Instead, consistent with the fact that supervisor turnover comes at a large effort cost to middle managers … due to gaps in coverage and onboarding, middle managers prioritized retention over productivity impacts. Indeed, treated …

promoted management training trips for European managers at US firms. Through the analysis of reports compiled by UK, France …

(i) more managers are hired from the outside, and (ii) fewer managers leave the firm. A possible reason is an extremely …