include race and sex discrimination in wages, the causes of rising wages over the life cycle, and the returns to marriage …

women in the American economy through an institution known as the "marriage bar." Marriage bars were policies adopted by … promotion from within, tenure-based salaries, and other modern personnel practices. The marriage bar, which had at its height …

gender inequality. Because parenthood is often tied to marriage, we also investigate the existence of marriage penalties in … female employment. In general, women experience both marriage and child penalties, but their relative importance depends on … economic development. The development process is associated with a substitution from marriage penalties to child penalties …

Using a large field experiment, we show that racial composition of employer neighborhoods predicts employment …