startup advantage in terms of forward citations and outlier-patent rates. Further, startup innovation is both more original …What is the role of startups within the innovation ecosystem? Since 2000, startups have grown in their share of … ventures in the innovation process relative to more traditional alternatives such as academia and established private …

, royalties are not optimal unless the licensing firm is risk averse. The model also predicts the use of consulting contracts … observed university policy of allowing faculty to consult with licensing firms outside of their university contracts. They also …

information about cooperative licensing and the timing of patent allowances (the administrative event when patent rights are …This paper considers the impact of the intellectual property (IP) system on the timing of cooperation/licensing by … start-up technology entrepreneurs. If the market for technology licenses is efficient, the timing of licensing is …

The continuations procedure within the U.S. patent system has been criticized for enabling firms to manipulate the … patent review process for strategic purposes. Changes during the 1990s in patent procedures affected the incentives of … by R&D-intensive, small firms that patent heavily, and are more common in chemical and biological technologies. Patents …

associated with university patent licensing are detrimental to the traditional mission of US research universities. We assume a … affects future knowledge stocks, allows us to show that it is far from obvious that licensing will damage basic research and …

, especially as to patent licensing. We interpret case law and commentary to arrive at three unifying principles for acceptable …For over a century, courts and commentators have struggled to find principles that reconcile patent and antitrust law … terms of license. Profit neutrality' holds that patent rewards should not depend on the rightholder's ability to work the …

evidence from our survey of 62 US research universities. We find that the TTOs reported licensing objectives are influenced by …

paper empirically examines one such institution: the patent pool. The analysis highlights five findings consistent with the … independently, consistent with our earlier theoretical work; (b) independent licensing is more frequently allowed when the number of … include small players with limited enforcement capabilities; (d) third party licensing is more common in larger pools …

The paper builds a tractable model of a patent pool, an agreement among patent owners to license a set of their patents … to one another or to third parties. It first provides a necessary and suñcient condition for a patent pool to enhance …

flows from university inventions through two important channels: non-market 'spillovers' exemplified by patent citations and … incomplete nature of licensing contracts and the need for licensees to maintain access to inventor know-how for many university …