exposure. We discuss benchmarks for measuring adaptation progress at the firm, industry and macroeconomic level …

Mounting costs of anthropogenic climate change reveal that adaptation will be essential to human well-being in coming … decades. At the same time, the literature on the economics of adaptation offers relatively little guidance for emerging policy …. In this chapter, we review the existing literature, focusing on how it can better inform adaptation policy design and …

Many behavioral responses to climate change are carbon-intensive, raising concerns that adaptation may cause additional … energy use on global average temperature over the 21st century. We find energy-based adaptation will lower global mean ….5) and avoid 1.8 (0.6) trillion USD ($2019) in damages. Energy-based adaptation lowers business-as-usual emissions for 85% of …