effect of spillovers on research productivity of firms exceeds the structural effect because it includes an active learning … expenditures and internal research expenditures. The findings are consistent with the view that learning expenditures transmit the …

conclude by offering suggestions for improving future empirical research on this issue …

This paper surveys the major changes in patent policy and practice that have occurred in the last two decades in the U ….S., and reviews the existing analyses by economists that attempt to measure the impacts these changes have had on the … effects of changes in patent policy. Despite the significance of the policy changes and the wide availability of detailed data …

When investing in research and development (R&D), institutions must decide whether to take a top-down approach … the U.S. Air Force Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) program that transitioned from "Conventional topics," which … could benefit from more bottom-up, decentralized approaches that reduce barriers to entry, minimize lock-in advantages for …

research remains an isolated or 'ivory tower' activity, with weak connectivity to public use, little relationship between the … quality of research and its public use, and little correspondence between the funding of science and its public use. This …

. Furthermore, we study comparative dynamics that result from changes in trade costs, R&D costs, the cost of FDI and productivity … changes of the multinational firms …

laboratories, hired trained scientists, and embarked upon basic research of the kind we would associate today with academic …, organization, research and innovation, we attempt to explain the rise of corporate research. We argue that it was driven by … academic research system in the United States. Measuring field-specific scientific backwardness in several different ways, we …

This paper studies how recent investigations of foreign influence in research have affected the productivity of U …

enforces them, and suggest relevant policy work and areas for future research …