fairness and social justice are increasingly voiced by citizens and their governments around the world. Taking a novel "bottom … up" approach to concerns for fairness, we show how these concerns can be formalized in a general and tractable way, and …-related fairness concerns of their citizens. More generally, our findings point to a detailed understanding of real-world perceptions …

effect is driven by comparisons with higher-paid peers--suggesting concerns about fairness. Separations appear fairly …

's perception of product fairness. We discuss implications of our findings for financial planners hoping to help their customers …