Why do governments seek restrictions on the use of export subsidies through reciprocal trade agreements such as GATT … a natural monopoly market. We emphasize that subsidy competition between governments can serve to coordinate the entry …

This paper examines the role of trade liberalization under the auspices of the General Agreement on Tarrifs and Trade … (GATT) in promoting economic recovery and growth in Europe in the decade after World War II. The formation of the GATT does … not appear to have stimulated a particularly rapid liberalization of world trade in the decade after 1947. It is therefore …

In a general equilibrium product-cycle model, lower trade barriers increase Southern purchasing power, which lifts long … OECD growth rate of 2% we find that trade integration with low-wage countries in the decade around China's WTO accession …

the government expenditures and international trade did have a positive long-run effect on financial development when … find that government expenditures and trade have positive effects on financial development for countries that are in the …We explore the role of government in the nexus of finance and trade starting from the earliest days of organised …

worse than the rest of Europe. Deaths from chronic liver disease and lung cancer are particularly prevalent in Scotland. The … self-assessed wellbeing of Scots is lower than that of the English or Welsh, even after taking into account any differences … in Scotland are no worse than in England or Wales. Detailed analysis within Scotland, however, shows that social capital …

much less, in (continental) Europe over the same time period. I review the two most popular explanations for these … differential trends: that relative supply of skills increased faster in Europe, and that European labor market institutions … where labor market institutions creating wage compression in Europe also encourage more investment in technologies …

We study the process that led to the inclusion of merchant towns in the English Parliament, using a novel comprehensive … dataset for 549 medieval English towns (boroughs). Our analysis begins with the Norman Conquest in 1066 - an event of enormous … political change that resulted in largely homogenous formal institutions across England. From this starting point, we document a …

traders that have meantime emerged to address the inefficiencies of anarchic trade. These monopolistic traders must also …