This chapter reviews academic research on the connections between agglomeration and innovation. We first describe the … conceptual distinctions between invention and innovation. We then describe how these factors are frequently measured in the data …, industrial diversity) that theoretical and empirical work link to innovation, and we discuss factors that help sustain these …

Tech clusters like Silicon Valley play a central role for modern innovation, business competitiveness, and economic … traditional tech fields, the strains and backlash that tech clusters are experiencing, and emerging research questions for theory …

production. But are the emerging clusters of multinational production the rule or the exception? What drives the offshore … multinational and non-multinational firms. We present new stylized facts that suggest the offshore clusters of multinationals are … not a simple reflection of domestic industrial clusters. Agglomeration economies including technology diffusion and …

three important phenomena: (1) the globalization of R&D, (2) the growing importance of software and IT to firm innovation … markets. One of the distinguishing features of the R&D globalization phenomenon is its concentration within the software … IT- and software-biased shift in innovation drove US MNCs abroad, and particularly drove them abroad to "new hubs" with …

Prior literature has established a link between changes in market size and pharmaceutical innovation; whether a link … conducting applied research. Implications for pharmaceutical innovation policy are discussed …