demand. Fiscal policy, especially energy price subsidies, can isolate individual energy importers from the shock, but it has …

We analyze whether government spending multipliers differ by the sign of the shock. Using aggregate historical U …, the resulting multipliers do not differ by sign of the shock. Thus, we find no evidence of asymmetry of government …

inflation in the expected directions. Analysis of available policy records suggests that a contractionary monetary shock likely …

oil-price shock and the 9/11 terrorist attack. This paper offers a structural framework to analyze the impact of these … data. The parameterized model is then used to simulate a macro uncertainty shock, which produces a rapid drop and rebound … medium term the increased volatility from the shock induces an overshoot in output, employment and productivity. Thus, second …