The first wave of globalization (1830-1914) witnessed a decline in the number of countries from 125 to 54. Political … consolidation was often achieved through war and conquest. The second wave of globalization (1950-present) has led instead to an … globalization and political structure that accounts for these trends and their reversal. We show that political structure adapts to …

The economic changes associated with globalization tighten financial pressures on governments of high-income countries … and import tariffs, much more heavily than do larger countries. Since the rapid pace of globalization implies that all …

Some world historians attach globalization big bang' significance to 1492 (Christopher Colombus stumbles on the … important events in recorded history. Other world historians insist that globalization stretches back even earlier. There is a … third view which argues that the world economy was fragmented and completely de-globalized before the 19th century. None of …

Measured by the ratio of trade to output, the period 1870 1913 marked the birth of the first era of trade globalization …

After decades of rising global economic integration, the world economy is now fragmenting. To measure this phenomenon …